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To further summarize, Juran says that companies should avoid "campaigns to motivate the work force to solve the company's quality problems by doing perfect work," because these approaches and slogans "fail to set specific goals, establish specific plans to meet these goals, or provide the needed resources." He notes that upper managers like these programs because they do not detract from their time. Juran advocates a project-by-project, problem-solving, team method of quality improvement in which upper management must be involved. "The project approach is important. When it comes to quality, there is no such thing as improvement in general." Juran favors the concept of quality councils because they improve communications between management and labor. Juran does not believe that "quality is free." He explains that there is an optimum point of quality, beyond which conformance is more costly than the value of the quality obtained.
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